1) Strategic Surprise → Market Entry Shock Ancient principle: Crossing the Alps where Rome didn’t expect. Business equivalent: Enter through an unexpected channel, geography, or pricing model . Example: launching premium in a low-income market or D2C in a distributor-dominated category. Executive takeaway: Win before competitors mobilize. 2) Maneuver Over Mass → Agility Beats Scale Ancient principle: Avoid Rome’s manpower advantage. Business equivalent: Use speed, niche focus, and rapid iteration instead of large budgets. Lean teams, faster decisions, shorter product cycles. Takeaway: Smaller firms win through tempo , not size. 3) Terrain as a Weapon → Choose the Right Battlefield Ancient principle: Trap Romans at Lake Trasimene. Business equivalent: Compete where you hold structural advantage : Regulation Distribution access Technology moat Customer segment insight Takeaway: Don’t fight on competitors’ strengths— redefine the ar...
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